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      linux-2.6內核升級文檔全

      2009年03月16日 17:36:46人氣:1441來源:浙江啟揚智能科技有限公司

      做一件事情,首先要知道自己在干什么,而不是盲目得升級內核,現(xiàn)在升級內核有點泛濫,sigh
             首先讓我們先了解一下2.6內核的新特性
            
      一、01.模塊子系統(tǒng)(Module Subsystem)、統(tǒng)一設備模型(Unified Device Model)和 PnP 支持
             模塊子系統(tǒng)發(fā)生了重大變化。
            
          02.穩(wěn)定性有所提高
                 為了*避免內核加載或者導出正在被使用的內核模塊,或者至少為了減少加載或者卸載模塊的同時使用該模塊的可能性
             (這有時會導致系統(tǒng)崩潰),內核加載和導出內核模塊的過程都得到了改進。
            
          03.統(tǒng)一設備模型
             統(tǒng)一設備模型的創(chuàng)建是 2.6 內核zui重要的變化之一。它促進了模塊接口的標準化,其目的是更好地控制和管理設備,例如:
            
             更準確地確定系統(tǒng)設備。
             電源管理和設備電源狀態(tài)。
             改進的系統(tǒng)總線結構管理。
            
          04.即插即用(PnP)支持
                 1.1.1 和 1.1.2 小節(jié)中提及的變化使得運行 2.6 內核的 LINUX 成為一個真正即插即用的 OS。
             例如,對 ISA PnP 擴展、 MCA 和 EISA 總線以及熱插拔設備的 PnP 支持。
            
          05.內核基礎設施的變化             
             為了區(qū)別以 .o 為擴展名的常規(guī)對象文件,內核模塊現(xiàn)在使用的擴展名是 .ko。
             創(chuàng)建了新的 sysfs 文件系統(tǒng),當內核發(fā)現(xiàn)設備樹時就會描述它。
             內存支持,NUMA 支持
             支持更大數(shù)量的 RAM      
             2.6 內核支持更大數(shù)量的 RAM,在分頁模式下zui高可達 64GB。
            
          06.NUMA
             對非一致內核訪問(Non-Uniform Memory Access - NUMA)系統(tǒng)的支持是 2.6 內核中新出現(xiàn)的。
            
          07.線程模型,NPTL
             相對于 v2.4 的 LinuxThreads,在版本 2.6 中新出現(xiàn)的是 NPTL(Native POSIX Threading Library)。
             NPTL 為 Linux 帶來了企業(yè)級線程支持,提供的性能遠遠超過了 LinuxThreads。它所基于的用戶與內核線程的比率是 1:1。
            
             在 2003 年 10 月,GNU C 程序庫 glibc 中融入了 NPTL 支持,Red Hat 在 Red Hat Linux 9 和
             Red Hat Enterprise Linux 中使用定制的 v2.4 內核實現(xiàn)了 NPTL。
            
          08.性能改進      
             新的調度器算法
                 2.6 Linux 內核引入了新的 O1 算法。在高負載情況下它運行得特別好。新的調度器基于每個 CPU 來分布時間片,
             這樣就消除了全局同步和重新分配循環(huán),從而提高了性能。
            
             內核搶占(Kernel Preemption)
             新的 2.6 內核是搶占式的。這將顯著地提高交互式和多媒體應用程序的性能。
            
             I/O 性能改進
                 Linux 的 I/O 子系統(tǒng)也發(fā)生了重大的變化,通過修改 I/O 調度器來確保不會有進程駐留在隊列中過長時間等待進行輸入/輸出操作,
             這樣就使得 I/O 操作的響應更為迅速。
            
             快速用戶空間互斥(Fast User-Space Mutexes)
                “futexes”(快速用戶空間互斥)可以使線程串行化以避免競態(tài)條件,引入它也提高了響應速度。
             通過在內核空間中部分實現(xiàn)“futexes”以允許基于競爭設置等待任務的優(yōu)先級而實現(xiàn)改進。

          09.擴展性改進      
             處理器數(shù)目更多
             Linux 內核 2.6 zui多可以支持 64 個 CPU。支持更大的內存,歸功于 PAE(物理地址擴展,Physical Address Extensions),在 32-位系統(tǒng)上分頁模式下所支持的內存增加到了 64GB。

             用戶和組
             惟一用戶和組的數(shù)量從 65,000 增至 40 多億,也就是從 16-位增加到了 32-位。

             PID 的數(shù)量
             PID 的zui大數(shù)量從 32,000 增至 10 億。

             打開文件描述符的數(shù)量
             打開文件描述符的數(shù)量沒有增加,但是不再需要事先設置該參數(shù),它將自行調節(jié)。

          10.支持更多的設備
                 在 Linux 內核 2.6 之前,內核中有可以約束大型系統(tǒng)的限制,比如每條鏈 256 個設備。v2.6 內核*地打破了這些限制,
             不但可以支持更多類型的設備,而且支持更多同類型的設備。在 Linux 2.6 系統(tǒng)中,可以支持 4095 種主要的設備類型,
             每一個單獨的類型可以有超過一百萬個子設備。
             文件系統(tǒng)大小
             Linux 內核 2.6 所允許的可尋址文件系統(tǒng)大小zui大為 16 TB。

          11.文件系統(tǒng)
                 ext2、ext3 和 ReiserFS 等傳統(tǒng) Linux 文件系統(tǒng)得到了顯著的改進。zui值得注意的改進是擴展屬性(或文件元數(shù)據(jù))的引入。
             zui重要的是 POSIX ACL 的實現(xiàn),這是對普通 UNIX 權限的擴展,可以支持更細化的用戶訪問控制。
            
          12.除了對傳統(tǒng) Linux 文件系統(tǒng)的改進支持以外,新的內核*支持在 Linux 中相對較新的 XFS 文件系統(tǒng)。      
             Linux 2.6 內核現(xiàn)在還引入了對 NTFS 文件系統(tǒng)的改進的支持,現(xiàn)在允許以讀/寫模式安裝 NTFS 文件系統(tǒng)。

          基于以上2.6的新特性,我決定用2.6的內核,我的系統(tǒng)為Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS release 3 Taroon Update 3
      硬件環(huán)境為DELL 2850

      一、下載解壓并打上內核補丁
      我以2.6.10為例子,patche以bk4的例子,目的只是讓大家知道怎么打patch,
      其實本人用的是2.6.6的內核,因為在AS3.0上升級到2.6.9以上的內核,
      mount大的nfs網絡硬盤時,df 顯示不正確,明明是800G的盤變成4.2G,
      不過還是能正常用,我升級過nfs和mount的包都沒用,/var/log/message里
      提示是kernel: nfs warning: mount version older than kernel,
      還望知道的 告知一聲,謝 :    BTW:2.6.8的內核沒用過

          內核源代碼:/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.10.tar.bz2
          內核補丁:/pub/linux/ ... atch-2.6.10-bk4.bz2

          cd /usr/src
          rm -rf linux
          tar jxf /download/linux-2.6.10.tar.bz2
          ln -s linux-2.6.10 linux
          cd linux
          bunzip2 -dv /download/patch-2.6.10-bk4.bz2 |patch -p1
          如果在/usr/src目錄下就用patch -p0

      二、修改內核源代碼 升級2.6就是為了優(yōu)化,干脆連源代碼也改了吧
        
          1.修改/usr/src/linux/include/linux/posix_types.h
            設置fd_set支持的zui大數(shù)量 
            #define __FD_SETSIZE 1024 --->; 65536    
         
          2.修改/usr/src/linux/include/linux/fs.h
            設置zui大打開文件數(shù)量(TCP連接數(shù)量)
            #define INR_OPEN 1024 --->; 65536
            #define NR_FILE 8192 --->; 65536
            #define NR_RESERVED_FILES 10 --->; 128
          
          3.修改/usr/src/linux/include/net/tcp.h
            設置TIMEOUT的時間為1秒
            #define TCP_TIMEWAIT_LEN 60*HZ 60 --->; 1*HZ
            設置在backlog隊列里的半連接的重試次數(shù),每次都會花相應的時間,本質上 也是減少重試時間
            #define TCP_SYNACK_RETRIES  5 --->; 3

      針對RHEL-AS3本來就是穩(wěn)定+優(yōu)化的,不過就算你用 RHEL-AS3 自己的內核,那也要修改一下上面的參數(shù)才好呀 :

      三、安裝必要的工具

          1.下載module-init-tools-3.1.tar.bz2
        /pub/linux/ ... t-tools-3.1.tar.bz2
      CODE:
      [Copy to clipboard]
              ./configure --prefix=/
              make moveold
              make all install
              ./generate-modprobe.conf /etc/modprobe.conf
      2.下載新的mkinitrd
         ftp://195.220.108.108/linux/6/fe ... d-4.1.18-2.i386.rpm
      它需要lvm2 device-mapper
      ftp://195.220.108.108/linux/6/fe ... -1.00.19-2.i386.rpm
      ftp://195.220.108.108/linux/6/fe ... 00.25-1.01.i386.rpm
      如果不更新這個包在make install時會提示以下錯誤:
      CODE:
      [Copy to clipboard]
              No module mptbase found for kernel 2.6.10-bk4, aborting.
              mkinitrd failed
              make[1]: *** [install] Error 1
              make: *** [install] Error 2
      安裝lvm2-2.00.25-1.01.i386.rpm時請用rpm -ivh --nodeps package name

      四、make menuconfig
      CODE:
      [Copy to clipboard]
      01.Code maturity level options         --->;
              [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers                 
              [*]   Select only drivers expected to compile cleanly                           
          02.General setup  --->;
              [*] Support for paging of anonymous memory swap                     
              [*] System V IPC                                                                
              [*] POSIX Message Queues                                                        
              [ ] BSD Process Accounting                                                     
              [*] Sysctl support                                                                
              [ ] Auditing support                                                               
              [ ] Support for hot-pluggable devices                                              
              [*] Kernel Userspace Events                                                       
              [ ] Kernel .config support                                                        
              [*] Configure standard kernel features for small systems  --->;  
                    [*]   Load all symbols for debugging/kksymoops                                       
                    [ ]     Do an extra kallsyms pass                                                    
                    [*]   Enable futex support                                                           
                    [*]   Enable eventpoll support                                                       
                    [ ]   Optimize for size                                                              
                    [*]   Use full shmem filesystem
          03.Loadable module support  --->;        
              [*] Enable loadable module support                                        
              [*]   Module unloading                                                       
              [ ]     Forced module unloading                                             
              [ ]   Module versioning support EXPERIMENTAL                              
              [ ]   Source checksum for all modules                                       
              [*]   Automatic kernel module loading
          04.Processor typefeatures  --->; 
                 Subarchitecture Type PC-compatible  --->;  
                 Processor family Pentium-4/CeleronP4-based/Pentium-4 M/Xeon  --->;  
             [*] Generic x86 support                                   
             [ ] HPET Timer Support                                    
             [*] Symmetric multi-processing support      多CPU              
             8   Maximum number of CPUs 2-255                      
             [*]   SMT Hyperthreading scheduler support              
             [*] Preemptible Kernel                     搶占式內核,請選上它   
             [ ] Machine Check Exception                               
             < >; Toshiba Laptop support                                
             < >; Dell laptop support                                   
             < >; /dev/cpu/microcode - In IA32 CPU microcode support 
             < >; /dev/cpu/*/msr - Model-specific register support      
             < >; /dev/cpu/*/cpuid - CPU information support            
                 Firmware Drivers  --->;                                
                 High Memory Support 4GB  --->;         高內存             
             [ ] Allocate 3rd-level pagetables from highmem            
             [ ] Math emulation                                        
             [*] MTRR Memory Type Range Register support             
             [*] Enable kernel irq balancing                           
             [ ] Use register arguments EXPERIMENTAL      
          05.Power management options ACPI, APM  --->;    電源管理 自定 偶沒選
          06.Bus options PCI, PCMCIA, EISA, MCA, ISA  --->; 板卡支持  自定
              [*] PCI support                                                                  
              PCI access mode Any  --->;                                              
              [ ] Message Signaled Interrupts MSIMSI-X                               
              [*] Legacy /proc/pci interface                                                   
              [*] PCI device name database                                                     
              [ ] ISA support                                                                  
              [ ] MCA support                                                                  
              < >; NatSemi SCx200 support
          07.Executable file formats  --->;
              [*] Kernel support for ELF binaries                                              
              ; Kernel support for a.outECOFF binaries                                 
              ; Kernel support for MISC binaries      
          08.Device Drivers  --->;   設備驅動及網絡支持
                    Generic Driver Options  --->;  默認
                  [*] Select only drivers that don''t need compile-time external firmware                   
                  [*] Prevent firmware from being built                                    
              Memory Technology Devices MTD  --->;  不選
                    Parallel port support  --->;    并行端口   自定偶沒選      
              PlugPlay support  --->;    支持熱插拔 自定偶沒選
                    Block devices  --->;
                  <*>; Normal floppy disk support                                    
                  < >; Compaq SMART2 support                                         
                  < >; Compaq Smart Array 5xxx support                               
                  < >; Mylex DAC960/DAC1100 PCI RAID Controller support              
                  < >; Micro Memory MM5415 Battery Backed RAM support EXPERIMENTAL 
                  ; Loopback device support                                       
                  < >;   Cryptoloop Support                                          
                  ; Network block device support                                  
                  < >; Promise SATA SX8 support                                      
                  ; RAM disk support                                              
                  16  Default number of RAM disks                                 
                  4096 Default RAM disk size kbytes                             
                    Source directory of cpio_list                                 
                  [ ] Support for Large Block Devices                               
                  < >; Packet writing on CD/DVD media                                
                       IO Schedulers  --->;   IO調度器,都選上吧 可以在grub.conf用IO調度哪種方式,后面會講的                            
                           <*>; Anticipatory I/O scheduler                            
                           <*>; Deadline I/O scheduler                                
                           <*>; CFQ I/O scheduler          
                    ATA/ATAPI/MFM/RLL support  --->;   ATA設備 自定 偶沒選
                    SCSI device support  --->;       SCSI設備 自定我有scsi的設備所以有以下選項
                  <*>; SCSI device support                                                               
                  [*]   legacy /proc/scsi/ support                                                       
                  ---   SCSI support type disk, tape, CD-ROM                                           
                  <*>;   SCSI disk support                              
                    因為偶式MPT的SCSI,所以以下都沒選,省略之
                    Multi-device support RAIDLVM  --->;  支持RAID和LVM邏輯卷  自定
                  [*] Multiple devices driver support RAIDLVM      
                  <*>;   RAID support                                      
                  < >;     Linear append mode                            
                  <*>;     RAID-0 striping mode                          
                  < >;     RAID-1 mirroring mode                         
                  < >;     RAID-10 mirrored striping mode EXPERIMENTAL 
                  <*>;     RAID-4/RAID-5 mode                              
                  < >;     RAID-6 mode EXPERIMENTAL                      
                  <*>;     Multipath I/O support                           
                  < >;     Faulty test module for MD                       
                  <*>;   Device mapper support                             
                  < >;     Crypt target support                            
                  < >;     Snapshot target EXPERIMENTAL                  
                  < >;     Mirror target EXPERIMENTAL                    
                  < >;     Zero target EXPERIMENTAL                
                    Fusion MPT device support  --->;    偶的SCSI是這個,所以選了 還是自定              
                                                      <*>; Fusion MPT base + ScsiHost drivers                                 
                  40  Maximum number of scatter gather entries                             
                  <*>;   Fusion MPT misc device ioctl driver  
                    IEEE 1394 FireWire support  --->;  自定  偶沒選
                    I2O device support  --->;     自定  偶沒選
                    Networking support  --->;     網絡選項
                                    [*] Networking support                                                                
                       Networking options  --->;                                      
                                                                                 <*>; Packet socket                                                                      
                           [ ]   Packet socket: mmapped IO                                                        
                           < >; Netlink device emulation                                                           
                           <*>; Unix domain sockets        如果你有網絡就選                                                        
                           < >; PF_KEY sockets                                                                     
                           [*] TCP/IP networking                                                                  
                           [ ]   IP: multicasting                                                                 
                           [ ]   IP: advanced router                                                              
                           [ ]   IP: kernel level autoconfiguration                                               
                           < >;   IP: tunneling                                                                    
                           < >;   IP: GRE tunnels over IP                                                          
                           [ ] IP: ARP daemon support EXPERIMENTAL                                              
                           [*] IP: TCP syncookie support disabled per default     能防DOS攻擊,但會降低一點性能,總的說性價比不錯                              
                           < >; IP: AH transformation                                                              
                           < >; IP: ESP transformation                                                             
       ,                    < >; IP: IPComp transformation                                                          
                           < >; IP: tunnel transformation                                                          
                           <*>; IP: TCP socket monitoring interface                                                
                            IP: Virtual Server Configuration  --->;                   lvs 支持                          
                           < >; The *6 protocol EXPERIMENTAL                                                   
                           [*] Network packet filtering replaces ipchains  --->;    包過濾省略知道的自己選,不熟悉的都選上            
                                                                                                                       以下都沒選,省略
                                          [ ] Amateur Radio support  --->;                                                       
                  < >; IrDA infrared subsystem support  --->;                                           
                  < >; Bluetooth subsystem support  --->;                                                 
                  [*] Network device support                                                            
                  < >;   Dummy net driver support                這個是nis服務器的吧,不大清楚,沒用過                                        
                  <*>;   Bonding driver support                  雙網卡綁定的                                        
                  < >;   EQL serial line load balancing support                                        
                  < >;   Universal TUN/TAP device driver support                    
                       ARCnet devices  --->;                                                            
                       Ethernet 10 or 100Mbit  --->;                                                  
                       Ethernet 1000 Mbit  --->;                       
                           < >; Alteon AceNIC/3Com 3C985/NetGear GA620 Gigabit support                                  
                           < >; D-Link DL2000-based Gigabit Ethernet support                                            
                           < >; InR PRO/1000 Gigabit Ethernet support                                              
                           < >; National Semiconduct DP83820 support                                 &n, bsp;                  
                           < >; Packet Engines Hamachi GNIC-II support                                                  
                           < >; Packet Engines Yellowfin Gigabit-NIC support EXPERIMENTAL                             
                           < >; Realtek 8169 gigabit ethernet support                                                   
                           < >; Marvell Yukon Chipset / SysKonnect SK-98xx Support                                      
                           <*>; Broadcom Tigon3 support   
                      以下都沒選,省略  
              ISDN subsystem  --->;                                         
              ephony Support  --->;
              Input device support  --->;                                         
                    Character devices  --->;                                              
              I2C support  --->;             
              Dallas''s 1-wire bus  --->;     
              Misc devices  --->;            
              Multimedia devices  --->;      
              Graphics support  --->;        
              Sound  --->;                   
              USB support  --->;             
              MMC/SD Card support  --->;    以上都沒選,需要的自己選
          09.File systems  --->;        文件系統(tǒng)     
              < >; Second extended fs support                                                              
              <*>; Ext3 journalling file system support                                                  
              [ ]   Ext3 extended attributes                                                            
              [*] JBD ext3 debugging support                                                          
              < >; Reiserfs support                                                                      
              < >; JFS filesystem support                                                                
              < >; XFS filesystem support                                                                
              < >; Minix fs support                                                                      
              < >; ROM file system support                                                               
              [ ] Quota support                                                                         
              < >; Kernel automounter support                                                            
              <*>; Kernel automounter version 4 support also supports v3                               
                  CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems  --->;                                             
                      <*>; ISO 9660 CDROM file system support                                             
                      [ ]   Microsoft Joliet CDROM extensions                                          
                      [ ]   Transparent decompression extension                                        
                      < >; UDF file system support 
                  DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems  --->;             floppy要用到的文件格式
                      <*>; MSDOS fs support                                                                                                                   
                      <*>; VFAT Windows-95 fs support                                                  
                      437 Default codepage for FAT NEW                                              
                      iso8859-1 Default iocharset for FAT NEW                                       
                      < >; NTFS file system support                                                        
                  Pseudo filesystems  --->;
                      [*] /proc file system support                             proc文件系統(tǒng)支持                             
                      [ ]   /proc/kcore support                                                              
                      [ ] /dev file system support OBSOLETE                                                
                      [ ] /dev/pts Extended Attributes                                                       
                      [*] Virtual memory file system support former shm fs     虛擬內存支持                            
                      [ ]   tmpfs Extended Attributes                                                        
                      [ ] HugeTLB file system support                                                             
                  Miscellaneous filesystems  --->;                                     
                  Network File Systems  --->;                                                        
                      <*>; NFS file system support                      nfs客戶端支持                                                            
                      [*]   Provide NFSv3 client support                                                                           
                      [ ]   Provide NFSv4 client support EXPERIMENTAL                                                            
                      [ ]   Allow direct I/O on NFS files EXPERIMENTAL                                                           
                      < >; NFS server support                           nfs服務端支持                                                           
                      < >; Secure RPC: Kerberos V mechanism EXPERIMENTAL                                                          
                      < >; Secure RPC: SPKM3 mechanism EXPERIMENTAL                                                               
                      < >; SMB file system support to mount Windows shares etc.       samba支持                                            
                      < >; CIFS support advanced network filesystem for Samba, Windowother CIFS compliant servers            
                      < >; NCP file system support to mount NetWare volumes                                                       
                      < >; Coda file system support advanced network fs                                                           
                      < >; Andrew File System support AFS Experimental                  
                  Partition Types  --->;      
                  Native Language Support  --->;                 自己選    
          10.Profiling support  --->;                             沒選                                             
          11.Kernel hacking  --->;                                沒選                                                                                            
          12.Security options  --->;                              沒選
          13.Cryptographic options  --->;                         沒選  
          14.Library routines  --->;                                       
               < >; CRC-CCITT functions                               
               <*>; CRC32 functions                                   
               ; CRC32c Castagnoli, et al Cyclic Redundancy-Check
      五、編譯安裝
          步驟:make -jnn代表同時編譯的進程,可以加快編譯速度,n由你的配置決定,我的配置用15-25
               make modules_install
               make install

      六、grub的設置
          設置之前先介紹一下2.6的I/O調度器
              2.6包含的四個I/O調度器分別是No-op I/O scheduler、Anticipatory I/O scheduler、Deadline I/O scheduler與CFQ I/O scheduler。
          在后文中分別簡稱為ns、as、ds與cfq。

              ns是一個簡化的調度程序它只作zui基本的合并與排序。與桌面系統(tǒng)的關系不是很大,主要用在一些特殊的軟件
          與硬件環(huán)境下,這些軟件與硬件一般都擁有自己的調度機制對內核支持的要求很小,這很適合一些嵌入式系統(tǒng)環(huán)境。作為桌面用戶我們一般不會選擇它。

              as是當前內核中默認的I/O調度器。它擁有非常好的性能,在2.5中它就相當引人注意。在與2.4內核進行的對比測試中,在2.4中多項以分鐘為單位
          完成的任務,它則是以秒為單位來完成的。正因為如此它成為目前2.6測試版中默認的I/O調度器。但它也存在著弱點,它本身是比較龐大與復雜的,
          在一些特殊的情況下,特別是在數(shù)據(jù)吞吐量非常大的數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)中它會變的比較緩慢。

              ds就是針對as的缺點進行改善而來的,還處于測試階段,但已經很穩(wěn)定了。目前表現(xiàn)出的性能幾乎與as一樣好。加之比as更加小巧,
          是相當有前途的調度器,值得一試:

              cfq為系統(tǒng)內的所有任務分配相同的帶寬,提供一個公平的工作環(huán)境,它比較適合桌面環(huán)境。事實上在測試中它也有不錯的表現(xiàn),
          mplayer xmms等多媒體播放器與它配合的相當好,回放平滑幾乎沒有因訪問磁盤而出現(xiàn)的跳幀現(xiàn)象。對于喜歡在Linux下聽音樂看電影的朋友不妨嘗試一下。
         
          好了,下面說說怎么設置:參數(shù)的格式為elevator=調度器名

          修改/boot/grub/grub.conf,在kernel那行后門加入elevator=deadline
         
          例如:kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-bk4 ro root=/dev/你的根分區(qū) elevator=deadline

      七、reboot

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